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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alef (programming language)</span></span>
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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Alef</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled</a>, <a href="Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a>, <a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Phil Winterbottom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1992</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">Static</a>, <a href="Strongly-typed_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongly-typed programming language">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a>, <a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, <a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Alef</b> is a discontinued <a href="Concurrent_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming language">concurrent programming language</a>, designed as part of the <a href="Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> by Phil Winterbottom of <a href="Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>. It implemented the channel-based <a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a> model of <a href="Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a> in a <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a>, <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>-like language.
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>Alef appeared in the first and second editions of Plan 9, but was abandoned during development of the third edition.<sup id="cite_ref-alefref_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alefref-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3e-preface_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3e-preface-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a> later explained Alef's demise by pointing to its lack of <a href="Automatic_memory_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic memory management">automatic memory management</a>, despite Pike's and other people's urging Winterbottom to add <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> to the language;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
also, in a February 2000 slideshow, Pike noted: "…although Alef was a fruitful language, it proved too difficult to maintain a variant language across multiple architectures, so we took what we learned from it and built the thread library for C."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Alef was superseded by two programming environments. The <a href="Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo programming language</a> can be considered a direct successor of Alef and is the most commonly used language in the <a href="Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a> operating system. The Alef concurrency model was replicated in the third edition of Plan 9 in the form of the <i>libthread</i> <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a>, which makes some of Alef's functionality available to <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> programs and allowed existing Alef programs (such as <a href="Acme_(text_editor)" title="Acme (text editor)">Acme</a>) to be translated.<sup id="cite_ref-libthread_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libthread-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>
<p>This example was taken from the Alef reference manual.<sup id="cite_ref-alefref_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alefref-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piece illustrates the use of the <a href="Tuple" title="Tuple">tuple</a> data type.
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">byte</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">byte</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="n">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"hello"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sc">'c'</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">byte</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">str</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">byte</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">str</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Communicating_sequential_processes" title="Communicating sequential processes">Communicating sequential processes</a></li>
<li><a href="Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a></li>
<li><a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go (programming language)</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-alefref-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alefref_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alefref_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFWinterbottom1995" class="citation book cs1">Winterbottom, Phil (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/plan_9/2nd_edition/papers/alef/ref">"Alef Language Reference Manual"</a>. <i>Plan 9 Programmer's Manual: Volume Two</i>. Murray Hill: AT&T.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3e-preface-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3e-preface_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205030100/http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/man/preface3.html">"Preface to the Third (2000) Edition"</a>. <i>Plan 9 Manual</i>. Murray Hill: Bell Labs. June 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/man/preface3.html">the original</a> on 2015-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-29</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPike2010" class="citation conference cs1">Pike, Rob (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DtUzH3zoFo"><i>Origins of Go concurrency style</i></a>. OSCON Emerging Languages Camp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/3DtUzH3zoFo">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPike" class="citation web cs1">Pike, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/plan_9/3rd_edition/rio/rio_slides.pdf">"Rio: Design of a Concurrent Window System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-libthread-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-libthread_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/2/thread">"thread(2)"</a>. <i>Plan 9 Manual</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-29</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFFlandrena1995" class="citation book cs1">Flandrena, Bob (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/plan_9/2nd_edition/papers/alef/ug">"Alef Users' Guide"</a>. <i>Plan 9 Programmer's Manual: Volume Two</i>. Murray Hill: Bell Labs.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Winterbottom1992" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Phil Winterbottom (1992-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.research/msg/a7dce2f02eb44ffd?&hl=en">"Plan9 VM"</a>. <a href="Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.research">comp.os.research</a>. <a href="Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:1c1denINN441@darkstar.UCSC.EDU">1c1denINN441@darkstar.UCSC.EDU</a>.</cite></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li>
<li><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>
<ul><li><a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li>
<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>
<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>
<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>
<li><a href="Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li>
<li><a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li>
<li><a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li>
<li><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>
<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>
<ul><li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>
<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>
<li><a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li>
<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>
<li><a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li>
<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>
<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>
<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>
<li><a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li>
<li><a href="Lua" title="Lua">Lua</a></li>
<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>
<li><a href="ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>
<ul><li><a href="Caml" title="Caml">Caml </a>
<ul><li><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>
<ul><li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl </a>
<ul><li><a href="Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li>
<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>
<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>
<li><a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li>
<li><a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li>
<li><a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li>
<li><a href="SAS_language" title="SAS language">SAS</a></li>
<li><a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li>
<li><a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>
<li><a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>
<li><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>
<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>
<li><i><a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>
<li><a href="Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>
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